Skepticism Schedule

"There is, in the first place, the difficulty of expression. We all indulge in the strange, pleasant process called thinking, but when it comes to saying, even to someone opposite, what we think, then how little are we able to convey! The phantom is through the mind and out of the window before we can lay salt on its tail, or is slowly sinking and returning to the profound darkness which it has lit up momentarily with a wandering light. . . . It is for this reason that Montaigne stands out from the legions of the dead with such irrepressible vivacity. We can never doubt for an instant that his book was himself."

"The Sceptics, the only honourable type of respect among the ever-so multiply ambiguous tribe of the philosophers!"

The one thing which we seek with insatiable desire is to forget ourselves, to be surprised out of our propriety, to lose our sempiternal memory and to do something without knowing how or why; in short to draw a new circle. Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm. The way of life is wonderful; it is by abandonment. The great moments of history are the facilities of performance through the strength of ideas, as the works of genius and religion. "A man," said Oliver Cromwell, "never rises so high as when he knows not whither he is going." Dreams and drunkenness, the use of opium and alcohol are the semblance and counterfeit of this oracular genius, and hence their dangerous attraction for men. For the like reason they ask the aid of wild passions, as in gaming and war, to ape in some manner these flames and generosities of the heart.

TENTATIVE SCHEDULE (Please expect minor adjustments to be made in the schedule from time to time; all changes will be announced both in class and on the class email listserv; this webpage will also be updated.)

We will read three some of the major works of cheerful thinkers in relation to some of these broad questions: Do You Have an Opinion? What Does It Mean to Think for Yourself? The Primacy of Doxa Over Episteme / Moral Philosophy (Socrates, "What Is The Good?"; "What Is Truth?") vs Political Philosophy (Hobbes and Locke, "What is good for me?") / Censorship (Hume) / Dialectic and Rhetoric: Aristotle, Schopenhauer, pp. 102-03; 94-97; 40-41;112-15;173; 399-40; 338-41; 282-88; 423-432; 350-51; 335-44) / Liars for Hire (Sophists) versus Physicians of the Soul (Socrates) / (Anti-) / (Neoliberal / STEM) Education versus Ignorance (What is a good education?) / Memory versus Forgetting / Opinion versus Taste / Aesthetic Judgment and Critical Judgment (Kant) / How to Live? How to Die? / Persuasion and Coercion / Thinking for Yourself vs. Groupthink /Questioning and Answering (Responding) / Freedom of Thought / Freedom of Expression / Public and Publicity / Posterity System / Opinion System / Secular and Theological Close Reading

Skeptical Thoughts on Skepticism: Did You Read It? How Well Do You Know What You've Read? How Much Do You Remember? Is rote memorization the same thing as knowing what You've memorized? How many times did you read it? Over how long a period of time? the Importance of Other Readers to Your Reading (Reading is solitary and social.)

Whereby may be seen that nothing is so hard or so uncertaine to be found out as the certaintie of the truth, sithence no man can put any assured confidence concerning the truth of a battel, neither in the knowledge of him that was Generall or commanded over it, nor in the soldiers that fought, of anything that hath hapned amongst them; except after the manner of a strict point of law, the severall witnesses are brought and examined face to face, and that all matters be nicely and thorowly sifted by the objects and trials of the successe of every accident. Verily the knowledge we have of our owne affaires is much more barren and feeble. But this hath sufficiently been handled by Bodin, and agreeing with my conception. Somewhat to aid the weaknesse of my memorie and to assist her great defects; for it hath often been my chance to light upon bookes which I supposed to be new and never to have read, which I had not understanding diligently read and run over many years before, and all bescribled with my notes; I have a while since accustomed my selfe to note at the end of my booke (I meane such as I purpose to read but once) the time I made an end to read it, and to set downe what censure or judgement I gave of it; that so it may at least at another time represent unto my mind the aire and generall idea I had conceived of the Author in reading him. I will here set downe the Copie of some of my annotations, and especially what I noted upon my Guicciardine about ten years since: (For what language soever my books speake unto me I speake unto them in mine owne.) He is a diligent Historiographer and from whom in my conceit a man may as exactly learne the truth of such affaires as passed in his time, as of any other writer whatsoever: and the rather because himselfe hath been an Actor of most part of them and in verie honourable place.

Thedorno Adorno, "The Essay as Form," New German Critique, No. 32 (Spring - Summer, 1984), pp. 151-171

"Michel de Montaigne, the inventor of the modern personal essay and the writer to whom modern essayists endlessly return, is renowned for his tendency to go off topic. His chapter “Des coches” (“Of Vehicles” or “Of Coaches”), for example, begins with remarks about authors, goes on to sneezing and fear, then touches quite briefly on the subject of coaches before proceeding to kings, gifts, amphitheaters, the impossibility of knowledge, and the civilizations of the New World. It ends with a story about the king of Peru, whose soldiers carry him into battle against the Spanish invaders on a chair of gold mounted on golden shafts. His men are killed, one by one, but each time a bearer falls, another leaps to replace him, keeping the king aloft on his perilously wobbling seat, until at last he is dragged down and taken prisoner. A gold litter—we belatedly realize—could be classified as a vehicle, so Montaigne has come back to his subject after all. But by this time we are so disoriented, and have traveled such a long distance, that we are as off-balance as the king and scarcely know where we are."

NOTE BENE: Your First Paper (500 words, not including quotations) will be DUE Saturday February 2 by 11:59 p.m. You may write your paper on any text we have read. I encourage you to make up your own paper topic. If you need any help, just email or talk to me in class and we can schedule a time to talk.

Richard L. Regosin, "Montaigne's Dutiful Daughter," in Montaigne's Unruly Brood: Textual Engendering and the Challenge to Paternal Authority

Keffer, K., A Publication History of the Rival Transcripts of Montaigne's Essays (2001)

Due Tuesday, January 15 by 5:00 p.m.: Two discussion questions on Pierre Bayard, "Chapter IV: Books You Have Forgotten" and three BIG WORDS, numbered one, two, and three. Put your name at the top left of the document. Email all work to me at [email protected] Discussion Questions are due the day before class on Sundays and Tuesdays by 5:00 p.m. With One exception, nothing is due Thursdays for class on Fridays.

January 16 Pile Up: The Problem of Medium and Memory, or Storage and Retrieval (Analog versus Digital?)

Recommended Thinking: If we can't remember what we've read, have we even read what we read, I mean, have we necessarily or ever read what the author wrote? I don't mean that the author had laspes of memory when writing the book. I mean has the publisher / editor produced a reliable edition? What would "reliable" mean? What happens when there is more than one edition of the same book? Should one read the versions comparatively? Take Montaigne's three editions and posthumously published "Bordeaux Manuscript" as independent versions even if each edition was published under the same title? Should one read Montaigne with or without an editorial apparatus that uses letters to distinguish material added to each edition? Sarah Baker says that had Montaigne's writing became increasingly incomphrensible to his friends and that lived longer, he would have eventually made his work unreadable. She compares the Essays to Laurence Sterne's Tristram Shandy. Does Skepticism ever stop? Or does it just keep going until we cannot be sure we have read a text or that the text itself is what the author wrote? Is there any limit to what Montaigne calls the uncertainty of truth?

Maurice Merleau-Ponty, “Reading Montaigne,” in Signs, trans. and ed. Richard C. McCleary (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1964), 198–210.

The HBO remake suggests without having the courage of its convictions, that reading really does disturb you. Deeply. Ditto for being a writer (Kafka and Dosteyevsky are the examples of burnable literature the remake holds up). Michael Shannon's character, a writer who burns his own aphoristic writings, should have convinced his sudorinate Montagg that burning books was the best thing to do after all since reading leads to mental illness. Instead, we get a preposterous happy ending with flocks of either CGI sparrows or CGI starlings moving in rings that look like the shape of DNA.

Because Monday, January 21 is a Holiday, DQs will not be due Sunda,y January 20. They will be due, however on Tuesday January 23 and Thursday, January 24. (This is the one exception.)

Due on Tuesday January 22 by 5:00 p.m. DQs and BIG WORDS on Montaigne's "Of Practice," Book 2, Chapter 6, 324-33; DF trans; 416-27 (MAS)

"'When I play with my cat, how do I know that she is not playing with me rather than I with her?"

Lucius Annaeus Seneca. Moral Epistles. Translated by Richard M. Gummere. The Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 1917-25. 3 vols.: Volume I. (Montaigne quoted Seneca more often than he did anywone else. He quoted from the letters most often.)

Erich Auerbach, "L'Humaine condition," in Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature - New and Expanded Edition, Trans, Willard R. Trask, ed. Edward W. Said, pp. 285-311.

HEADS UP: First Paper (500 words, not including quotations) DUE Saturday February 16 by 11:59 p.m. Read an essay by Montaigne of your choosing and read it the way Auerbach reads "Of Repentance" in his chapter "L'Humaine condition," Pick an essay of your choosing and take a passage from it you take to be central to it.

Due Tuesday, January 29 by 5:00 p.m.: Two discussion questions on Ralph Waldo Emerson "Montaigne, or the Skeptic" as well as three BIG WORDS, numbered one, two, and three. Put your name at the top left of the document. Email all work to me at [email protected]

Conisder these two portraits of Montaigne, young and old. In the young one, he looks directly at the viewer. In the older one, his eyes are turned to his far right. If you want to see me, you will have to look outside the frame, he seems to suggest, truth being seen obliquely and even then invisible and ?inaccessible.

You might want to come back to the Cotton translation later in the semester if you find you have time to compare it to Frame's and Screech's translation. The preface is worth reading. We will be reading this edition:

The Loser Moment: From time to time, I will take a moment to read you a passage from a work I like or play music for you and talk about it or show you a painting and talk about it. You can play with the lighting. I will have a flashlight so I can read in the dark. Students are welcome to take your own loser moments. If you like the moment, please do a slow clap. But be sure not to join in the clapping. Since it will have been a loser moment, a failed slow clap is the best response.

"It is the inattentive reader who loses my subject, not I. Some word about it will always be found off in a corner, which will not fail to be sufficient, though it takes little room. I seek out change indiscriminately and tumultuously. My style and my mine alike go roaming. A man must be a little mad if he does not want to be even more stupid, say the precepts of our masters, and even more so their examples."

DUE Saturday February 16: First Paper (500 words, not including quotations) by 11:59 p.m. Read an essay by Montaigne of your choosing and read it the way Auerbach reads "Of Repentance" in his chapter "L'Humaine condition," Pick an essay of your choosing and take a passage from it you take to be central to it. Then read that passage closely. For more, see below at the end of the schedule.

"The company eagerly cultivates an academic aura, and the facility is
referred to as its “campus.” The campus bookstore sells dozens of
business books, of the kind ubiquitous in airport newsstands. Typical
selections included The World’s Most Powerful Leadership Principle:
How to Become a Servant Leader (featuring a jacket blurb from the
Senior Vice President of Operations for Chik-fil-a) and Leading with
Soul: An Uncommon Journey of Spirit. Alas, they did not have my
favorite managerial tome of all time, If Harry Potter Ran General
Electric: Leadership Wisdom from the World Of Wizards, which is a
genuine, honest-to-God book that you can look up and purchase."

FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE, Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future, Preface and Parts One-Four, with particular attention to Part Two, "The Free Spirits."

FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE, Beyond Good and Evil, pp. Part Eight-From Lofty Mountains: Aftersong

FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE, On the Genealogy of Morality, First Treatise TRANSLATED, WITH AN AFTERWORD, BY ADRIAN DEL CARO

Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Fate," pp. 400-28. Finish reading it, if you didn't already. Reread it if you did. :)

April 15 to 22 I will be in Chongping and Hang Zhou giving four invited lectures on Shakespeare.

Second Paper (500 words, not including quotations) DUE Saturday, April 21 by 11:59 p.m. You may write your paper on any text we have so far. I encourage you to make up your own paper topic. If you need any help, just email or talk to me in class and we can schedule a time to talk.

April 15 to 22 I will be in Chongping and Hang Zhou China giving four invited lectures on Shakespeare. I will have someone come to class and teach in my place along with the co-leaders.

Jacques Derrida on Blaise Pascal's posthumously discovered note sewn into his vest shortly before he died:

Henri Guillemin, Jean-Jacques Rousseau. l'affaire Jean-Jacques Rousseau - David Hume, 1766 / Volume 2, Cette affaire infernale

Emerson, Literary Criticism: Essays on Literature, American Writers, English Writers, Emerson's journal entry Feb 8 1840 on the disappointment he felt at the end of one of his succesful lecture tours, Emerson Selected Journals 1820-42, p.732

Barbara Packer, Emerson's Fall: A New Interpretation on the way Emerson's famous epigrams are hard to trace back to the essay in which they appear because they read like they could be found in any of his essays.

Stanley Cavell, Emerson's Transcendental Etudes, p. 24

So let your dances be entwined,

Yet not perplex men unto gaze:

But measured, and so numerous too,

As men may read each act they do;

And, when they see your graces meet,

Admire the wisdom of your feet:

For dancing is an exercise

Not only shows the mover’s wit,

But maketh the beholder wise,

As he hath power to rise to it.

Ben Jonson, "Masque of Pleasure and Virtue"

Recommended Reading:

"The Poet"Public Opinion and Literature Jacques Derrida, "CALL IT A DAY FOR DEMOCRACY''

Thomas De Quincey, The Last Days of Immanuel Kant

Les Derniers Jours D'Emmanuel Kant (The Last Days of Immanuel Kant w/ English subs)

Sigmund Feud, "My Contact with Josef Popper-Lynkeus" (1932)

Two Animations of Plato’s Allegory of the Cave: One Narrated by Orson Welles, Another Made with Clay

When Nietzsche Wept (dir. Pinchas Perry, 2007)

ACCIDENT OCCASIONNE PAR UN CHIEN "Un accident incontestable est longuement raconté dans la promenade de la « Seconde Rêverie »"

Recommended Reading:

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, "Second Reverie" of Reveries of the Solitary Walker (This essay recalls Montaigne's "Of Practice.")

April 8 Stoicism--Philosophy is Learning How to Die

Required Readings:

Michel de Montaigne, "To His Father: On the Death of La Boétie," in Complete Works of Montaigne, Trans. Donald Frame, 1276-88.

April 12

Recommended Viewing:

A Tale of Winter (dir. Eric Rohmer, 1992)

Recommended Reading:

Stanley Cavell, "Shakespeare and Rohmer," in Cities of Words

Michel de Montaigne, "A Custom of the Isle of Cea"

Michel de Montaigne, "Of Coaches," Essays, Book Three, Chapter Six.

Jacques Derrida, Session Eleven, Death Penalty Seminar, Vol. 1, pp. 270-83.

RICHARD PARISH, "ETAT PRESENT BLAISE PASCAL," French Studies, Vol. LXXI, No. 4, 2017, 539–550.

Ocasio-Cortez Claims World Will End in 12 Years Due to Climate Change

Since Decriminalization, 96% of People Arrested for Weed in Baltimore Are Black

GEERT LOVINK, Sad by design 10 January 2019

EP. 114 GEERT LOVINK ON “SAD BY DESIGN,” DECEMBER 12, 2018

Kirk Wetters, "Chapter Three: The Opinion System and the Re-formation (Hobbes, Locke, Mendelssohn, Fichte, and Goethe)," in The Opinion System: Impasses of the Public Sphere from Hobbes to Habermas (2008), 123-78

On Contact: The Lobby - USA

Kamala Harris for more prisons!

"Strong" - Kamala Harris for Senate

Kamala Harris Announces Presidential Run With PLATITUDES

March 3: The Immorality of Moral Studies

Required Viewing and Reading:

At Berkeley (dir. Frederick Wiseman, 2013)

Friedrich Nietzsche, Anti-Education: On the Future of Our Educational Institutions

Michel de Montaigne, "That to Philosophize Is Learning How to Die," in Shakespeare's Montaigne, the Florio Translation of the Essays, Selections, Ed.Stephen Greenblatt, pp. 13-33.

"Peinture-écriture / Pittura-scrittura"

FOR YOUR FIRST AND SECOND PAPERS:

If you need any help, just email or talk to me in class and we can schedule a time to talk. Close reading and writing as you read are exploratory and experimental. That's what's cool about close reading. You can have a very good idea of what you want to pay attention to, but you can't really program what will be read or how it will be read exactly in advance. And when you do get "a read" on the book, you'll know it is provisional, that you'll only know the book as well as do a good friend (or, dare I say, a lover). There are tacit rules, but there is no referee, just a reader. The idea is to be less inhibited about your own writing when you read, as in, “you can say that? And say it that way? Really?!” Yes, you can. And more. Your assignment is to do a close reading of an assigned text. Focus on a passage or just a sentence and discuss it in detail in order to illuminate something more general about the text you're writing about. That passage is your paper topic. Cite the text to make your points. The text is your evidence. If you don't know what a close reading is and have never done one before, be sure to go to http://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/how-do-close-reading. You may also ask me for clarification. You must also know how to write a research paper, or analytical essay. You will need a title for your paper and a thesis, an argument that you can state in one sentence. Your thesis should go at the end of your first paragraph. You may figure out your title before you write your paper, but usually, you only figure out your title after you figure out your thesis. And you figure out your thesis by writing your paper. What you think is your conclusion often needs to be moved up from the end of the essay to the front. Then you are ready to make your final revisions and add a new concluding paragraph. You may also have come up with a new title in the course of writing the paper. And then you are ready to proofread your paper. And then you will have finished writing your paper. Congratulations! :) Email your paper (as an attachment) to me at [email protected]. Put your name in the subject title or header of your title. Remember to put your name in your paper.

Auerbach’s expanded version emended version of first paragraph of Du Repentir:

Les autres forment l'homme: je le recite; et en represente un particulier bien mal forme, et lequel si j'avoy a faconner de nouveau, je ferois vrayment bien autre qu'il n'est. Meshuy, c'est fait.
--Montaigne,
Auerbach quotes from Montaigne's Essais. Ed. Villey (Paris, Akan, 1930)
To make this point clearer, let me supply some syntactic vinicula: (Tandis que) les autres forrnent l'homme, je le recite; (encore faut-il ajouter que) fe represente un particulier (; ce particulier, c'est moi-meine, qui suis, je le sais,) bien mal forme; (soyez surs que) si l’avais ale faqonner de nouveau, je le ferais vrayment bien autre qu'il n'est. (Mais, malheureusement) meshuy c'est fait.
--Auerbach’s emended version with vinicula added
Others form man; I describe him, and portray a particular, very ill-made one, who, if I had to fashion him anew, should indeed be very different from what he is. But now it is done.
--The Essays of Montaigne. Translated by E. J. Trechmann, Oxford University Press, 1927. The translation Auerbach uses.
(While) others form man; I describe him, (yet I must add that) I portray a particular (this particular, it’s myself, who am, I know it), very ill-made one (you can be sure of that), who, if I had to fashion him anew, should indeed be very different from what he is. (But, unfortunately) now it is done.
--My translation of Auerbach’s emended translation, with his vinicula supplied

Due Tuesday, January 29 by 5:00 p.m.: Two discussion questions on Heinrich von Kleist, "On the Gradual Construction of Thoughts During Speech" or Heinrich von Kleist, "On the Gradual Production of Thoughts Whilst Speaking" and three BIG WORDS, numbered one, two, and three. Put your name at the top left of the document. Email all work to me at [email protected]

January 30 Thinking on Your Feet

Recommended Reading (read one or both of these two translations:

Heinrich von Kleist, "On the Gradual Construction of Thoughts During Speech"

Heinrich von Kleist, "On the Gradual Production of Thoughts Whilst Speaking"

In class, I will spontaneously cold call on you to talk extemporaneously about a passage I will spontaneously chose.

Kleist: Selected Writings (Hackett Classics) 2004

Recommended:

Stephen Greenblatt, "Introduction: Shakespeare's Montaigne," pp ix-xxxiii.

John Florio, Queen Anna's New World of Words

Thursday, January 31: No DQs due.

Friday, February 1

REQUIRED READING:

Arthur Schopenhauer, "Thinking for Oneself, " in PARERGA AND PARALIPOMENA, VOLUME 2 Chapter 22

Recommended Reading:

Stanley Cavell, "Introduction," in Cities of Words (2004).

John Aubrey, Brief Lives

pp. vii; 1-9; 96-99; 102-05; 110-115; 173-77; 339-47; 382-88; 399-432.

It Happened One Night (dir. Frank Capra, )

Stanley Cavell, Knowledge as Transgression: Mostly a Reading of "It Happened One Night" Daedalus Daedalus Vol. 109, No. 2, Intellect and Imagination: The Limits and Presuppositions of Intellectual Inquiry (Spring, 1980), pp. 147-175

"The 2008 crash finds its antecedents in the manipulation of the gold market by Fisk and Gould in 1869, the Credit Mobilier Scandal of 1872, the Panic of 1873, the Crash of 1907, and of course the Great Depression, starting on Black Thursday, October 24, 1929, when the stock market crashed."

The early crashes were actually depressions, like the Great Depression. They just aren't called that for obvious reasons.

From Big Bang to Big Crash: The Early Origins of the UK’s Finance-led Growth Model and the Persistence of Bad Policy Ideas Tami Oren O & Mark Blyth Published online: 21 May 2018

Tuckett, Elizabeth, Beaten tracks; or, Pen and pencil sketches in Italy. By the authoress of "A voyage en zigzag".

Immanuel Kant, Essay on the Maladies of the Head

Opinion, taste, and public opinion

BBC documentary Hypernormalization

Stoicism as one response to skepticism

For others, look to Cavell and Adorno on manfacturing Public Opionion

Literature / metaphor as the problem / solution to the impasses of public opinion

Aesthetic judgment before and after Kant

Two examples skepticism as misunderstood by the smug, vacuous, complacent, self-entitled, "we know better," pontificating, "serious," (new, neo-) liberal elites in academia:

Miller, J. Hillis. “Presidential Address 1986: The Triumph of Theory, the Resistance to Reading, and the Question of the Material Base.” PMLA.

fonds_ancien_bibliotheque

La médecine judiciaire dans les collections de la bibliothèque de la Cour de cassation

Montaigne_essais_traduction_livres1-23

Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education

Nietzsche: The Gay Science: With a Prelude in German Rhymes and an Appendix of Songs

Nothing Below Is Required:

. Two discussion questions on, numbered one and two, and Three Shots. Put your name at the top of the document. Email all work to me at [email protected]

At this point in the semester, I am now going to introduce a new game we will play irregularly. This is the game: I show you two passages, each taken from two books I've been reading recently, and will have you read them. The passages are both good, so I expect not everyone in the class will agree. Then you have to write down your answer. Then I will twll you the correct answer. Don't worry if you lose. I'll explain very carefully concisely why the students who agree with me and me are correct. :)

§257

Just as the largest library when not properly arranged does not provide as much use as a very moderate but well arranged one, so the greatest amount of knowledge, if not worked through by one's own thinking, has much less value than a far lesser quantity that has been thought through in various ways. For only through the universal combination of what we know, and comparing every truth with every other, do we completely assimilate our own knowledge and take control of it. One can only think through what one knows, which is why we should learn something; but one also knows only what has been thought through.

Now we can always apply ourselves arbitrarily to reading and learning, whereas to thinking we really cannot. For thinking must be kindled and sustained like a fire by a draught of air; there must be some interest in its subject, which may be purely objective or merely subjective. The latter is only present in our personal affairs, but the former is only for those minds who think by nature, for whom thinking is as natural as breathing, but who are very rare. Therefore in most scholars there is so little of it.

§258

The difference between the effect that thinking for oneself has on the mind, versus that of reading is incredibly large, which is why it constantly magnifies the original difference between minds, by virtue of which we are driven to one or the other. Reading, that is, forces thoughts on the mind that are as foreign and heterogeneous to its momentary direction and mood as is the seal to the wax on which it presses its imprint. The mind here experiences a total external compulsion to think this or that at random, for which it simply has no inclination or mood. – On the other hand, with thinking for oneself it follows its own peculiar drive, as this for the moment was more specifically determined by either the external environment or some recollection. For the intuitive environment does not force one specific thought on the mind, like reading; instead, it provides the mind with material and occasion to think what is in accordance with its nature and present mood.

Kierkegaard on chatter

Heidegger on "idle speech" and "They."

No Explaining

Arthur Schopenhauer, "On Noise," in Studies in Pessimism

Walter Benjamin on Montaigne on Herodotus

Due Tuesday, January 29 by 5:00 p.m. You Know the Drill:Two discussion questions on Michel de Montaigne, "Apology for Raymond Sebond" as well as three BIG WORDS, numbered one, two, and three. Put your name at the top left of the document. Email all work to me at [email protected] I will no longer post due dates since you now know when they are due.

Montaigne "Of Books"

--Michel de Montaigne, "Of Bookes"

"UMass Says You Can't Say 'Fuck Nazis' Because It's Not Inclusive"

Netflix's Patriot Act: Neoliberal Establishment Authoritarian "News Comedy" on Social Media and Free Speech

Netflix Pulls Episode of Hasan Minhaj’s Show for Criticizing Saudi Arabia over Khashoggi Killing